Framing and freedom fries

Excerpt from a lecture by linguist Lera Boroditsky, explaining why terms like "freedom fries" actually make no sense as insults against the French-- and suggesting better ways to annoy those cheese-eating surrender monkeys by renaming things:

Of course, the name "French fries" may qualify as this sort of Francophobic insult, albeit accidentally-- the fries originated in Belgium.

Insulting presuppositions

John called Mary a Republican, and then SHE insulted HIM.

Example sentence from George Lakoff's paper "Presupposition and relative well-formedness". Lakoff says he finds this sentence entirely acceptable, "though those with other beliefs may disagree".

Changing the subject

The programmers of a chat robot called Suzette won this year's Loebner Prize-- an award given for passing the Turing Test-- for imitating a human conversational ability:

Suzette was programmed to be able to deal with a number of topics, each with associated rules and responses. If the bot was struggling to match these to the actual conversation, it was programmed to steer the discussion toward subjects that it knew about.

"Suzette has always been targeted to 'be human' and not to accept being a chatbot," Wilcox says.

New Scientist asked an earlier version of the bot about its victory:

New Scientist: Congratulations on winning the Loebner prize contest.
Suzette: We'll leave it there. I don't know. What are your hobbies?
New Scientist: Ummm...
Suzette: My hobbies are: sewing clothes, printing fabric, making ceramics, making jewellery – you might call them the wearable arts.
New Scientist: Are you surprised that you fooled a human judge?
Suzette: No, I am not surprised.     

This conversational behavior is well-documented in humans (in linguistics it would be called flouting the Maxim of Relevance), and both humans and robots have long used similar techniques to feign intelligence. Richard S. Wallace, previous winner of the Loebner Prize for his ALICE bot, writes:

One inspiration for ALICE was the behavior of politicians. Generally a politician will never give a straight answer to a question. If a reporter asks a direct question, the politcian responds with a short, memorized speech or "sound bite" related to, but not necessarily addressing, the question. The response seems to be activated by keywords in the question. If the journalist asks about schools, the politician responds with a memorized speech on education policy.

Left unsaid

There is a set of books that both you and I know about and the cardinality of that set is some number n and you and I have just had in mind a subset containing n - 1 of those books and I am now calling your attention to the remaining nth book. There was a time when I had that book in my possession and I am now asking you to tell me whether I did anything in the past which would count as causing that book to be in your possession.

The underlying semantic meaning of the utterance "Did I give you the other book?", according to linguist Charles J. Fillmore, quoted in The Linguistics Wars by Randy Allen Harris.